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Environment & Ecology JULY Week-1

Nipah virus The Nipah virus infection is a newly emerging  zoonosis , that is, a disease transmitted from animals to humans  as stated by the WHO . The virus belongs to a new genus termed Henipavirus (subfamily Paramyxovirinae). It was first reported in 1998 at  Kampung Sungai Nipah  village, Malaysia. So virus is named after this village. The natural host of the virus are  fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus)  belonging to the family Pteropodidae.  In 2004, humans were affected after eating the date palm contaminated by infected fruit bats. Pigs can also act as intermediate hosts. Natural host  are those animals in which pathogens reside naturally and not infecting them. Here they grows upto a certain stage of their life cycle. Intermediate hosts  are those in which pathogens reside and not causing harm to them and here they are in inactive state i.e not growing further. Primary host  are those in which pathogens...
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Invertebrate Zoology By Brusca and Brusca

"Invertebrates" 2nd edition presents a modern survey of the 34 animal phyla (plus the Protista) and serves as both a college course text and a reference on invertebrate biology. It is organized around the themes of bauplans (body plans) and evolution (phylogenetics). Detailed classifications, phylogenetic trees, and references for all phyla are provided. The text is accompanied by detailed line drawings and - new to this edition - four-colour photographs. Other key changes from the 1st edition (1990) include: the incorporation of all the new developments in phylogenetics, developmental biology and molecular genetics; major changes at the highest levels among the invertebrates; three phyla that appeared in the original book Pentastomida, Pogonophora and Vestimentifera no longer exist, and an entire new phylum, Cycliophora, has been erected. Moreover, this edition discusses recent work in molecular systematics, and there is a large new section on "Kingdom Protista" (...
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Status of Hemichordata

Hemichordata status                           Introduction Hemichordata was till recently treated as the sub phylum of the phylum Chordate but is now regarded to be the independent phylum of invertebrates very close to the phylum Echinodermata. The peculiar characteristics of the animals belonging to Hemichordata are as follows, Enterocoelus coelom Pharyngeal gill slits Buccal diverticulum (earlier considered as notochord) Vermiform body divisible into three regions – proboscis, collar, trunk The phylum hemichordate includes a small group of soft, primitive and marine chordates called as acron worms or tongue worms. Most familiar genus of this phylum is Balanoglossus which belongs to the class Enteropneusta. Other closely related genera are Saccoglossus, Glossobalanus etc. The class Enteropneusta was established by Gegenbaur in 1870. Since then due to the peculiar anatomical organisation and embryology, Hemichordata have...
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