"Invertebrates" 2nd edition presents a modern survey of the 34 animal phyla (plus the Protista) and serves as both a college course text and a reference on invertebrate biology. It is organized around the themes of bauplans (body plans) and evolution (phylogenetics). Detailed classifications, phylogenetic trees, and references for all phyla are provided. The text is accompanied by detailed line drawings and - new to this edition - four-colour photographs. Other key changes from the 1st edition (1990) include: the incorporation of all the new developments in phylogenetics, developmental biology and molecular genetics; major changes at the highest levels among the invertebrates; three phyla that appeared in the original book Pentastomida, Pogonophora and Vestimentifera no longer exist, and an entire new phylum, Cycliophora, has been erected. Moreover, this edition discusses recent work in molecular systematics, and there is a large new section on "Kingdom Protista" (...
Taenia Parasitic adaptations Tapeworms live as internal parasites and they have to make several adjustments for the same. The following are few of the adaptations made by these tapeworms to make their life easy in their hosts. Presence of enzymatic resistant covering A hard covering called as tegument covers the body of these tape worms. Tegument is enzyme resistant and it protects all the internal organs from the digestive actions of the alkaline fluids of the host. On the other hand tegument is permeable to water and other nutrients. Absence of locomotory organelles This parasite lacks organs for locomotion. As there is no need for any locomotory organs both the adult and larval forms lack cilia or flagella. Osmotic pressure The osmotic pressure inside the body is higher than that of the surrounding host tissue or fluid. This helps the parasite to reside conveniently in the host body. Presence of hooks and suckers for attachment For the attachment purpose a scolex...
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